Diabetes Mellitus

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Classification of Diabetes Mellitus

Type 1 - insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)

• Sometimes called juvenile (or juvenile-onset), ketotic (or ketosis-prone), or brittle diabetes
• Affects children or young adults

Type 2 - noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)

• Also called maturity-onset, non-ketotic, or stable diabetes
• May be symptomatic for many years
• Affects people over 40

MODY- Mature Onset Diabetes of the Youth

• early form of DM type 2 (2-6% of all DM type 2 patients)
• onset between late adolescence and age 40

Type 3 - gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)

• Occurs during pregnancy then disappears after childbirth
• May be a marker of susceptibility to type 2 leater in life
• THis is a good site about gestational diabetes: http://www.gntech.net/inrpc/protman/3-01.htm

Type 4 - other types of diabetes linked to diseases of the pancreas, hormonal changes, side effects of drugs, or genetic defects

How do we study diabetes mellitus?

Cell lines

Animal Models

BB Rat Model

This is a line of spontaneously diabetic rat. These rats have autoimmune destruction of pancreatig islet beta cells, the same basic primary abnormality in human diabetes mellitus type I. They depend on insulin for survival and are prone to ketoacidosis.

GK Mouse Model

The GK (Goto-Kakizaki) rat is a spontaneously non-obese diabetic rat. This rat has the natural equipvalent of a human type II diabetes mellitus. As such, it is hyperinsulinemic, hyperglycemic and non-insulin-dependent.

db/db Mouse Model

Another diabetic rat mode, this one is obese.

Rats with Streptozotocin-induced diabetes

These are normal rats in which diabetes is induced with streptozotocin. it is one of the most commonly used models of diabetes mellitus. Streptozotocin is given during early puberty if one wants to obtain a good model of type I diabetes mellitus, which also has its onset peaking around early puberty in humans.

Clinical Studies follow animal studies.

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